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為了分析狗的遺傳起源，研究人員首先對德國考古遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩只新石器時代狗的遺傳信息進行測序分析，一只大約7000歲，另一只4700歲。然后他們將在愛爾蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的5000年前的狗和5649只現(xiàn)代狗和狼的遺傳物質(zhì)與這兩只新石器時代的狗的遺傳物質(zhì)進行比較分析，結果表明所有的現(xiàn)代狗都來自于40000年前在歐洲馴養(yǎng)的單一狼群。

康奈爾大學的遺傳學教授Adam Boyko在寄給華盛頓郵報的一封郵件中說道：“鑒于這些古代樣本和現(xiàn)代樣本之間的遺傳標記高度一致，可以判定這些狗是由一個單一種群進化來的。”

這一結果與去年科學雜志發(fā)表的文章相矛盾，該文章認為現(xiàn)代狗是由歐洲和東亞不同的狼群馴化而來。斯坦福大學的Greger Larson教授指出最新研究并沒有否定現(xiàn)代狗來自兩個種群的可能性，也沒有對這一嚴重分歧做出合理解釋。

石溪大學博士后研究員Laura Botigué提到基因檢測技術分析古老標本還是一個新的領域，想要解決現(xiàn)代狗在何時何地受到馴化這一問題，還需要更多不同地區(qū)的古老標本。

Nat Commun. 2017 Jul 18;8:16082. doi: 10.1038/ncomms16082.

Ancient European dog genomes revealcontinuity since the Early Neolithic.

Botigué LR1, Song S2, Scheu A3,4, Gopalan S1, Pendleton AL5, Oetjens M5, Taravella AM5, Seregély T6, Zeeb-Lanz A7, Arbogast RM8, Bobo D1, Daly K4,Unterländer M3, Burger J3, Kidd JM2,5, Veeramah KR1.

Author information

1 Department of Ecologyand Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245, USA.

2 Department ofComputational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan 48109, USA.

3 PalaeogeneticsGroup, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.

4 SmurfitInstitute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

5 Department ofHuman Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

6 Department ofPrehistoric Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Heritage Sciences and ArtHistory, University of Bamberg, 96045 Bamberg, Germany.

7 GeneraldirektionKulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Direktion Landesarchäologie, AußenstelleSpeyer, 67346 Speyer, Germany.

8 CNRSUMR 7044-UDS, 5 Allée du Général Rouvillois F 67083 Strasbourg, France.

Abstract

Europe has playeda major role in dog evolution, harbouring the oldest uncontested Palaeolithicremains and having been the centre of modern dog breed creation. Here wesequence the genomes of an Early and End Neolithic dog from Germany, includinga sample associated with an early European farming community.Both dogs demonstrate continuity with each other and predominantlyshare ancestry with modern European dogs, contradicting a previouslysuggested Late Neolithic population replacement. We find no genetic evidence tosupport the recent hypothesis proposing dual origins of dog domestication. Bycalibrating the mutation rate using our oldest dog, we narrow the timing of dogdomestication to 20,000-40,000 years ago. Interestingly, we do not observe theextreme copy number expansion of the AMY2B gene characteristic ofmodern dogs that has previously been proposed as an adaptation to astarch-rich diet driven by the widespread adoption of agriculture in the Neolithic.

本文（翻譯）撰寫  中國醫(yī)學科學院醫(yī)學實驗動物研究所  比較醫(yī)學研究中心  張元慧